What Is an EPC? — Energy Performance Certificate
A plain-English guide to Energy Performance Certificates: ratings A-G, when you need one, costs, improvement measures, and the EPC register in England and Wales.
Definition
An EPC (Energy Performance Certificate) is a document that rates the energy efficiency of a building on a scale from A (most efficient) to G (least efficient). It includes the current rating, a potential rating showing what could be achieved with improvements, estimated energy costs, and a list of recommended improvement measures. EPCs have been required for property sales and lettings in England and Wales since 2007 under the Energy Performance of Buildings Regulations.
When Is It Used?
EPCs are required whenever a property is built, sold, or rented. They are also relevant for landlords needing to meet the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (MEES), homeowners applying for government grants (such as the Boiler Upgrade Scheme), and for assessing a property's environmental impact. All valid EPCs are published on the EPC Register, which is publicly searchable.
Key Facts
- Ratings: A (92-100), B (81-91), C (69-80), D (55-68), E (39-54), F (21-38), G (1-20)
- Average UK home EPC rating is D (approximately 60-65 points)
- Valid for 10 years from date of issue
- Must be produced by an accredited Domestic Energy Assessor (DEA)
- Minimum rating of E required for rental properties (MEES regulations)
- Penalty for failing to have an EPC when required: up to £5,000 for commercial properties
- New-build EPCs are generated from the SAP calculation and are typically rated B or above
- The EPC Register is publicly searchable at gov.uk
Related Calculators
Use the EPC Rating Estimator to get an approximate rating, or the U-Value Calculator to check wall and roof performance. The Heat Loss Calculator shows the effect of insulation improvements on energy use. See also the SAP glossary entry.
How We Calculate This
Frequently Asked Questions
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Last updated: March 2026
All calculations are estimates. Verify with your supplier.